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1.
Arq. bras. cardiol ; 114(1): 68-75, Jan. 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1055082

ABSTRACT

Abstract Background: HIV-positive patients are twice as likely than the general population to have a heart attack and are four times at greater risk of sudden death. In addition to the increased risk, these individuals present with cardiovascular events on average approximately 10 years earlier than the general population. Objective: To compare Framingham and reduced DAD (Data Collection on Adverse Effects of Anti-HIV Drugs Cohort) scores for cardiovascular risk assessment in HIV-positive patients and potential impact on clinical decision after evaluation of subclinical carotid atherosclerosis. Methods: Seventy-one HIV-positive patients with no history of cardiovascular disease were clinically evaluated, stratified by the Framingham 2008 and reduced DAD scores and submitted to subclinical carotid atherosclerosis evaluation. Agreement between scores was assessed by Kappa index and p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: mean age was 47.2 and 53.5% among males. The rate of subclinical atherosclerosis was 39.4%. Agreement between scores was 49% with Kappa of 0.735 in high-risk patients. There was no significant difference between scores by ROC curve discrimination analysis. Among patients with intermediate risk and Framingham and reduced DAD scores, 62.5% and 30.8% had carotid atherosclerosis, respectively. Conclusion: The present study showed a correlation between the scores and medium-intimal thickening, besides a high correlation between patients classified as high risk by the Framingham 2008 and reduced DAD scores. The high prevalence of carotid atherosclerosis in intermediate risk patients suggests that most of them could be reclassified as high risk.


Resumo Fundamento: Pacientes HIV positivos possuem 2 vezes maior risco que a população geral de apresentarem infarto e 4 vezes maior de morte súbita. Além do risco aumentado, esses indivíduos apresentam eventos cardiovasculares, em média, aproximadamente, 10 anos antes que a população geral. Objetivo: Comparar os escores Framingham e DAD reduzido para avaliação de risco cardiovascular em pacientes HIV positivos e o potencial impacto na decisão clínica após avaliação de aterosclerose carotídea subclínica. Métodos: Foram avaliados clinicamente 71 pacientes HIV positivos sem antecedentes de doenças cardiovasculares, estratificados pelos escores Framingham 2008 e DAD reduzido e submetidos a avaliação de aterosclerose carotídea subclínica. A concordância entre os escores foi avaliada pelo índice Kappa e os valores de p < 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. Resultados: A idade média foi 47,2 e 53,5% do sexo masculino. A ocorrência de aterosclerose subclínica foi de 39,4%. A concordância entre os escores foi de 49% com Kappa de 0,735 nos pacientes de alto risco. Não houve diferença significativa entre os escores por meio de análise de discriminação com curva ROC. Dos pacientes com risco intermediário no Framingham e DAD reduzido, 62,5% e 30,8% respectivamente apresentavam aterosclerose carotídea. Conclusão: O presente estudo mostrou correlação entre os escores e espessamento médio-intimal e alta concordância entre os pacientes classificados como alto risco nos escores Framingham 2008 e DAD escore reduzido. A observação de alta prevalência de aterosclerose carotídea em pacientes de risco intermediário sugere que grande parte desses pacientes poderia ser reclassificada como alto risco.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Carotid Artery Diseases/diagnosis , HIV Infections/complications , Carotid Artery Diseases/etiology , Carotid Artery Diseases/blood , HIV Infections/blood , Risk Factors , ROC Curve , Risk Assessment , Carotid Intima-Media Thickness
3.
Arch. cardiol. Méx ; 89(1): 5-11, Jan.-Mar. 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1038470

ABSTRACT

Abstract Introduction: Carotid disease, measured as carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and carotid plaque (CP), is associated with major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) in people without the previous atherosclerotic disease; however, there are few published data in patients undergoing coronary angiography. The aim of the study is to determinate if the carotid disease is associated with MACCE after coronary angiography. Methods: A total of 390 consecutive patients underwent coronary angiography after exercise echocardiography and carotid ultrasonography between 2002 and 2013. MACCE was defined as stroke, myocardial infarction due to atherosclerosis progression or death due to a stroke or cardiac event. Results: Two patients were lost (0.5%). During a mean follow-up of 6.0 years (standard deviation of 2.9), 52 patients (13.4%) suffered MACCE. 1, 5, and 10 years, event-free survival was 96.4% (1.0), 88.7% (1.7), and 81.4% (2.8), respectively. Event rates at 10 years were higher in the CP group (23.2% vs. 10.2%, p = 0.013) and in the CIMT > 0.9 mm group (25.9% vs. 13.3%, p = 0.023). Multivariate analysis showed smoking habit (hazard ratio [HR] 2.51, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.36-4.62, p = 0.003), glomerular filtration rate (HR 0.98, 95% CI 0.98-0.99), aortic stenosis (HR 2.99, 95% CI 1.24-7.21, p = 0.014), incomplete/no coronary revascularization (HR 1.97, 95% CI 1.06-3.67, p = 0.033), insulin treatment (HR 2.63, 95% CI 1.30-5.31, p = 0.006), and CP (HR 2.36, 95% CI 1.02-5.44, p = 0.044) as predictors of MACCE. Conclusions: CP is an independent predictor of MACCE in patients undergoing coronary angiography.


Resumen La enfermedad carotídea, definida como grosor de íntima media (GIMC) y placa (PC), se asocia con eventos adversos cardiacos y cerebrovasculares (EACC) en sujetos sin aterosclerosis previa; sin embargo hay pocos datos en pacientes sometidos a coronariografía. El objetivo del estudio es determinar si la enfermedad carotídea se asocia a EACC en pacientes remitidos a coronariografía Métodos: Entre 2002 y 2013 390 pacientes fueron sometidos a coronariografía tras ecocardiograma de esfuerzo y ecografía carotídea. Se definió EACC como accidente cerebrovascular, infarto de miocardio por progresión aterosclerótica o muerte por accidente cerebrovascular o causa cardiaca. Resultados: Durante un seguimiento medio de 6 años (desviación estándar 2, 9) se registraron 2 pérdidas y 52 eventos (13,4%). La supervivencia media libre de eventos a uno, cinco y diez años fue 96.4% (1.0), 88.7% (1.7) y 81.4% (2.8). Hubo mayor número de eventos a 10 años en el grupo de PC (23.2% frente 10.2%, p = 0.013) y GIMC > 0.9 mm (25,9% frente 13.3%, p = 0.023). En el análisis multivariado los predictores de EACC fueron tabaquismo (hazard ratio [HR] 2.51, intervalo de confianza [IC] al 95% 1.36-4.62, p = 0.003), filtrado glomerular renal (HR 0.98 IC95% 0.98-0.99), estenosis aórtica (HR 2.99, IC 95% 1.24-7.21, p = 0.014), revascularización incompleta/no revascularización (HR 1.97, IC 95% 1.06-3.67, p = 0.033), tratamiento con insulina (HR 2.63, IC 95% 1.30-5.31, p = 0.006) y PC (HR 2.36, 95%CI 1.02-5.44, p = 0.044). Conclusiones: La PC es un predictor independiente de EACC en pacientes sometidos a coronariografía.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Carotid Artery Diseases/complications , Coronary Angiography , Stroke/etiology , Plaque, Atherosclerotic/complications , Myocardial Infarction/etiology , Carotid Artery Diseases/diagnosis , Survival Analysis , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Follow-Up Studies , Disease Progression , Stroke/diagnosis , Stroke/mortality , Myocardial Infarction/diagnosis
4.
ABC., imagem cardiovasc ; 32(1): 6-13, jan.-mar. 2019. graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-969855

ABSTRACT

As doenças cardiovasculares são a maior causa de morbimortalidade no mundo. A prevenção primária, por meio do diagnóstico precoce, é necessária para possibilitar o tratamento adequado e controlar a evolução da doença, reduzindo a mortalidade e os gastos em saúde pública. Correlacionar aterosclerose em artéria carótida (avaliada pelo Eco Doppler) e disfunção ventricular esquerda (avaliada pelo ecocardiograma), além de correlacionar tais achados com o risco cardiovascular dos pacientes estudados. Método: Foram analisados 286 prontuários de pacientes que realizaram os exames Eco Doppler carotídeo e ecocardiograma transtorácico. Os dados analisados foram: presença de placa aterosclerótica e grau de estenose, fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo e presença de alterações contráteis difusas ou segmentares do ventrículo esquerdo. Resultados: Dos 238 laudos de Eco Doppler carotídeo, 18 tinham estenose maior que 70% em artéria carótida e 14 destes apresentavam alteração contrátil do ventrículo esquerdo (p = 0,045). Dos pacientes que tinham risco cardiovascular muito alto, 61 apresentavam estenose em artéria carótida (p < 0,001); 51 pacientes com risco cardiovascular muito alto apresentavam alteração contrátil (p < 0,001). Dos 266 laudos de ecocardiograma, 37 registravam fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo reduzida. Desses, 25 tinham risco cardiovascular muito alto (p < 0,001). Conclusão: Houve relação positiva entre estenose de artéria carótida, redução da fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo e alteração contrátil do ventrículo esquerdo (difusa ou segmentar) com risco cardiovascular muito alto. Também foi possível correlacionar a estenose carotídea com alteração contrátil, apesar deste estudo não demonstrar correlação entre estenose carotídea e redução da fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo


Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Primary prevention, through early diagnosis, is necessary to enable proper treatment and control disease progression, reducing mortality and public health expenditures. Objective: Correlate carotid artery atherosclerosis (evaluated by Doppler echocardiography) and left ventricular dysfunction (evaluated by echocardiography) and to correlate the findings with the patients' cardiovascular risk. Method: A total of 286 medical records of patients who underwent carotid Doppler echocardiography and transthoracic echocardiography were analyzed. The data analyzed were: presence of atherosclerotic plaque and degree of stenosis, left ventricular ejection fraction and presence of diffuse or segmental left ventricular contractile disorders. Results: Of the 238 reports of carotid Doppler echocardiography, 18 had stenosis greater than 70% in the carotid artery and 14 of those had left ventricular contractile disorders (p = 0.045). Of the patients with very high cardiovascular risk, 61 had carotid artery stenosis (p < 0.001); 51 patients with very high cardiovascular risk had contractile disorders (p < 0.001). Of the 266 echocardiography reports, 37 had reduced left ventricular ejection fraction. Of these, 25 had very high cardiovascular risk (p < 0.001). Conclusion: There was a positive relationship between carotid artery stenosis, reduced left ventricular ejection fraction and left ventricular (diffuse or segmental) contractile disorder with very high cardiovascular risk. It was also possible to correlate carotid stenosis with contractile disorder, although this study did not demonstrate any correlation between carotid stenosis and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Echocardiography/methods , Carotid Arteries , Carotid Artery Diseases/complications , Carotid Artery Diseases/diagnosis , Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/complications , Primary Prevention/methods , Stroke Volume , Vertebral Artery , Coronary Artery Disease/complications , Coronary Artery Disease/diagnosis , Cardiovascular Diseases/diagnosis , Cardiovascular Diseases/mortality , Echocardiography, Doppler/methods , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Carotid Stenosis/complications , Carotid Stenosis/diagnosis , Plaque, Atherosclerotic , Myocardial Revascularization/methods
6.
Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras. (1992) ; 63(11): 1012-1016, Nov. 2017. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-896315

ABSTRACT

Summary The concomitance between coronary artery disease and carotid artery disease is known and well documented. However, it is a fact that, despite the screening methods for these conditions and the advances in surgical treatment, little has been achieved in terms of reducing the risk of complications in the perioperative period. Publications are scarce, being mostly composed of reports or case series. There is little agreement on the best initial therapeutic approach (myocardial versus carotid revascularization) or the best technique to be used (surgery with or without extracorporeal circulation, hybrid treatments, etc.). The authors performed a review of the evidence in this clinical scenario, raising pragmatic questions that help in the therapeutic decision.


Resumo A concomitância entre doença arterial coronária e doença carotídea é conhecida e já bem documentada. Fato é, porém, que, a despeito dos métodos de rastreio dessas condições e da evolução do tratamento cirúrgico, pouco se tem conseguido em termos de redução de risco de complicações no perioperatório. As publicações são escassas, sendo em sua maior parte compostas por relatos ou séries de caso. Há pouco consenso sobre qual a melhor abordagem terapêutica inicial (revascularização miocárdica versus carotídea), bem como sobre a melhor técnica a ser empregada (cirurgia com ou sem uso de circulação extracorpórea, tratamentos híbridos, etc.). Os autores realizaram uma revisão da evidência nesse cenário clínico, pontuando questões pragmáticas que ajudem na decisão terapêutica.


Subject(s)
Humans , Carotid Artery Diseases/therapy , Myocardial Revascularization , Coronary Artery Disease/diagnosis , Coronary Artery Disease/therapy , Coronary Artery Disease/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Carotid Artery Diseases/diagnosis , Carotid Artery Diseases/epidemiology
7.
J. vasc. bras ; 16(4): f:329-l:334, out.-dez. 2017. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-880837

ABSTRACT

A doença aterosclerótica das carótidas extracranianas pode resultar em complicações com alta morbidade e mortalidade. A avaliação pré-operatória com exames contrastados de imagem é associada a complicações como a parotidite, além das já bem conhecidas reações alérgicas e da disfunção renal. A bifurcação carotídea alta e a doença aterosclerótica de extensão cranial costumam ser fatores limitantes para o tratamento cirúrgico convencional. Entretanto, quando há contraindicação ao uso de contraste iodado ou impossibilidade do tratamento endovascular, há a necessidade do conhecimento de técnicas cirúrgicas que permitam a realização da endarterectomia com segurança. A subluxação da mandíbula se mostrou uma técnica adjuvante segura e efetiva, de fácil execução e reprodutibilidade, possibilitando o acesso a bifurcações carotídeas altas com boa exposição do campo cirúrgico e permitindo a realização da endarterectomia conforme a técnica padrão. Apresentamos o caso de uma paciente com bifurcação carotídea alta e com limitações para uso do contraste iodado que foi submetida a endarterectomia carotídea após subluxação de mandíbula


Atherosclerotic disease of the extracranial carotid arteries can cause complications with high morbidity and mortality rates. The contrast imaging examinations used in preoperative evaluation are associated with complications such as parotitis, in addition to well-known allergic reactions and renal dysfunction. A high carotid bifurcation or atherosclerotic disease that extends distally are often limiting factors for conventional surgical treatment. However, when iodinated contrast is contraindicated or endovascular treatment is not feasible, knowledge of surgical techniques that allow safe endarterectomy is required. Subluxation of the mandible has proven to be a safe and effective adjuvant technique that is easy to perform and reproducible, providing access to high carotid bifurcations with good exposure of the surgical field and allowing endarterectomy to be performed with a standard technique. We present the case of a patient with a high carotid bifurcation and limitations for use of iodinated contrast who underwent carotid endarterectomy after subluxation of the mandible


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Middle Aged , Carotid Artery Diseases/complications , Carotid Artery Diseases/diagnosis , Contrast Media , Mandible , Parotitis , Angioplasty/methods , Carotid Arteries , Echocardiography/methods , Endarterectomy/methods , Jaw Fixation Techniques , Ultrasonography/methods
8.
Arq. bras. cardiol ; 108(6): 526-532, June 2017. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-887884

ABSTRACT

Abstract Background: Subjects with levels of non-HDL-C 30 mg/dL above those of LDL-C (lipid discordance) or with high remnant cholesterol levels could have a greater residual cardiovascular risk. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of lipid discordance in a primary prevention population and analyze the clinical variables associated with it; To investigate the association between lipid discordance and remnant cholesterol with the presence of carotid plaque. Methods: Primary prevention patients without diabetes or lipid-lowering therapy were included. Regardless of the LDL-C level, we define "lipid discordance" if the non-HDL-C value exceeded 30 mg/dL that of LDL-C. Remnant cholesterol was calculated as total cholesterol minus HDL-C minus LDL-C when triglycerides were < 4.0 mmol/L. Ultrasound was used to assess carotid plaque occurrence. Multiple regression logistic models were performed. Results: The study included 772 patients (mean age 52 ± 11 years, 66% women). The prevalence of lipid discordance was 34%. Male sex and body mass index were independently associated with discordant lipid pattern. The prevalence of carotid plaque was higher in subjects with lipid discordance (40.2% vs. 29.2, p = 0.002). The multivariate analysis showed that the discordant lipid pattern was associated with the greater probability of carotid plaque (OR 1.58, 95% CI 1.08-2.34, p = 0.02). Similarly, a significant association between calculated remnant cholesterol and carotid plaque was found. Conclusion: Lipid discordance and presence of a higher level of calculated remnant cholesterol are associated with subclinical atherosclerosis. Our findings could be used to improve the residual cardiovascular risk evaluation.


Resumo Fundamento: Indivíduos com níveis de não HDL-C excedendo em 30 mg/dl aqueles de LDL-C (discordância lipídica) ou com altos níveis de colesterol remanescente poderiam ter maior risco cardiovascular residual. Objetivos: determinar a prevalência de discordância lipídica em uma população de prevenção primária e analisar as variáveis clínicas com ela associadas; investigar a associação de discordância lipídica e colesterol remanescente calculado com a presença de placa carotídea. Métodos: Pacientes de prevenção primária sem diabetes ou sem terapia hipolipemiante foram incluídos. Independentemente do nível de LDL-C, definiu-se "discordância lipídica" como um valor de não HDL-C excedendo em 30 mg/dl aquele de LDL-C. Calculou-se o colesterol remanescente como colesterol total menos HDL-C menos LDL-C na presença de triglicerídeos < 4,0 mmol/l. Usou-se ultrassom para avaliar a presença de placa carotídea. Modelos de regressão logística múltipla foram construídos. Resultados: Este estudo incluiu 772 pacientes (idade média, 52 ± 11 anos; 66% mulheres). A prevalência de discordância lipídica foi de 34%. Sexo masculino e índice de massa corporal mostraram associação independente com padrão lipídico discordante. A prevalência de placa carotídea foi maior em indivíduos com discordância lipídica (40,2% vs. 29,2; p = 0,002). A análise multivariada mostrou associação do padrão lipídico discordante com maior probabilidade de placa carotídea (OR: 1,58; IC95%: 1,08-2,34; p = 0,02). Da mesma forma, identificou-se uma significativa associação entre colesterol remanescente calculado e placa carotídea. Conclusão: Discordância lipídica e presença de nível mais alto de colesterol remanescente calculado acham-se associados com aterosclerose subclínica. Nossos achados podem ser usados para aprimorar a avaliação de risco cardiovascular residual.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Carotid Artery Diseases/blood , Cholesterol/blood , Plaque, Atherosclerotic/blood , Primary Prevention , Biomarkers/blood , Carotid Artery Diseases/diagnosis , Cross-Sectional Studies , Risk Factors , Plaque, Atherosclerotic/diagnosis , Cholesterol, HDL/blood , Cholesterol, LDL/blood
9.
J. vasc. bras ; 14(1): 84-87, Jan-Mar/2015. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-744453

ABSTRACT

Aneurysms of the supra-aortic trunks are rare conditions that can cause peripheral neurological conditions or embolization resulting in stroke. The upper airways can even be affected and rupture is potentially fatal. We present a case of a patient with an aneurysm of the carotid bifurcation who was treated conventionally with reconstruction of the carotid bifurcation using a venous patch. Surgical treatment enabled accurate histopathological diagnosis and anatomic correction of the carotid bifurcation...


Os aneurismas de troncos supra-aórticos são condições raras, que podem ocasionar alterações neurológicas periféricas ou embolizações com consequentes acidentes vasculares encefálicos. Também podem ocasionar alterações em vias aéreas superiores e sua ruptura é potencialmente fatal. Relatamos o caso de um paciente portador de aneurisma de artéria carótida no nível da bifurcação carotídea, tratado de forma convencional, com reconstrução da bifurcação com remendo venoso. O tratamento convencional dos aneurismas de troncos supra-aórticos permite o adequado diagnóstico histopatológico e a correção anatômica da bifurcação carotídea...


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Aged , Aneurysm/surgery , Carotid Artery Diseases/surgery , Carotid Artery Diseases/diagnosis , Carotid Artery Diseases/therapy , Vascular Surgical Procedures/rehabilitation , Follow-Up Studies , Heparin/administration & dosage , Hypertension/complications , Tomography, X-Ray Computed/methods
11.
Rev. peru. epidemiol. (Online) ; 17(1): 1-7, ene.-abr. 2013. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS, LIPECS | ID: lil-706051

ABSTRACT

Antecedentes: La aterosclerosis carotídea acontece por etapas y se inicia con el engrosamiento de la íntima de la pared arterial hasta la formación de la placa de ateroma. La ateromatosis carotidea extracraneal origina aproximadamente el 30% de loséictus de ese territorio. Objetivo: Revisar los aspectos más relevantes de la enfermedad carotídea asociada a factores de riesgo. Desarrollo: La enfermedad carotídea es una manifestación temprana de aterosclerosis subclínica. Puede diagnosticarse desde el punto de vista clínico y con estudios de neuroimagen. Se ha confirmado una correlación anatómica de la enfermedad carotídea, con la asociación de factores de riesgo, y diferentes manifestaciones de aterosclerosis avanzada. El cuadro clínico de la enfermedad carotdíea sintomática es variable, y la frecuencia de los síntomas es proporcional al grado de estenosis. Por tanto, causara más enfermedad cerebrovascular cuando mayor sea el grado de estenosis. La evaluación clínica debe incluir: a) Examen cardiovascular completo, con auscultación del cuello; b) fundoscopia para detectar signos de embolización retiniana; c) Examen neurológico para relacionar los snítomas con el territorio isquémico afectado; y d) el empleo de la escala de la National Institute of Health Stroke (NIHSS) para evaluar el déficit neurológico y predecir la evolución. Conclusiones: La enfermedad carotidea se relaciona con factores de riesgo tradicionales y tiene valor predictivo independiente para eventos isquémicos coronario y cerebrovasculares. Es conveniente realizar un examen clínico cuidadoso y no subestimar la importancia de su detección temprana.


Background: Carotid atherosclerosis occurs by stages and begins with the thickening of the intima of the arterial wall to the formation of atherosclerotic plaque. Extracranial carotid atheroma causes approximately 30% of strokes in that territory. Objectives: To review the most relevant aspects of carotid disease associated risk factors. Development: The carotid disease is an early manifestation of subclinical atherosclerosis. Can be diagnosed from the clinical standpoint and neuroimaging studies. It has been confirmed anatomical correlation of carotid disease, the association of risk factors, and different manifestations of advanced atherosclerosis. The clinical picture of symptomatic carotid disease is variable, and the frequency of symptoms is proportional to the degree of stenosis. Therefore, it will cause more cerebrovascular disease when higher the degree of stenosis. Clinical evaluation should include: a) complete cardiovascular examination with auscultation of the neck, b) fundoscopy for signs of retinal embolization, c) neurological symptoms related to the ischemic area affected and d) the use of the scale of the National Institute of Health Stroke (NIHSS) to assess the neurological deficit and predict outcome. Conclusions: Carotid disease is related to traditional risk factors and have independent predictive value for coronary and cerebrovascular ischemic events. It is advisable to make a careful clinical examination and not underestimate the importance of early detection.


Subject(s)
Humans , Diabetes Mellitus , Carotid Artery Diseases/diagnosis , Risk Factors , Carotid Intima-Media Thickness
12.
J. bras. patol. med. lab ; 49(1): 18-24, Jan.-Feb. 2013. graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-674343

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Atherosclerosis and correlated cardiovascular problems, whose mechanical and physiological disorders cause thickening and hardening of blood vessels, are among the main causes of death worldwide. OBJECTIVE: To assess plasma concentrations of biomarkers from the lipid metabolism and carotid doppler sonography results by correlating them with atherogenic carotid disease. METHODS: the study comprised 66 patients aged 57.5 ± 15.5 years (20-77), from which 63% were female. Serum markers and doppler sonography images were used to evaluate the association with atherogenic carotid disease (ACD). RESULTS: There was a higher prevalence of ACD among females (33% vs. 15%), age range 56-65, showing a relative risk (RR) of 1.56 among females (p < 0.002; Fisher, Katz). Concerning high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and carotid stenosis classification, North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET), 76% of patients showed HDL-C within the protection range, from which 31 individuals presented level I (normal). 81% of them showed HDL-C > 40 mg/dl and 19% had HDL-C ≥ 40 mg/dl. The prevalence of HDL-C > 40 mg/dl at levels II, III and IV was considerable. There was no difference in HDL-C among the groups (p = 0.4910; unpaired t test). Furthermore, there was no difference in paraoxonase (PON1) activity when stratified to HDL-C > and < 40 mg/dl (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The female group displayed higher ACD prevalence at 56-65 age range, with RR of 1.56 times higher. These findings substantiate the importance of analyzing this group and age range carefully, inasmuch as the absence of hormonal protection may increase ACD risk and ultimately influence HDL antioxidant activity due to its direct action on PON1. Triglycerides (TG)/HDL-C ratio indicates cardiovascular risk and impaired reverse cholesterol transport.


INTRODUÇÃO: Complicações da aterosclerose agregam as principais causas de morte no mundo por problemas cardiovasculares relativos a distúrbio da condição mecânica e fisiológica que promove espessamento e endurecimento nas artérias. OBJETIVO: Avaliar as concentrações plasmáticas de biomarcadores do metabolismo lipídico e os resultados de doppler de carótidas, relacionando-os com a doença aterogênica de carótidas. MÉTODOS: Foram acompanhados 66 pacientes, com a média de idade entre 57,5 ± 15,5 anos, (20 a 77), sendo 63% mulheres. Utilizaram-se biomarcadores séricos e imagens (doppler) para avaliar a associação com a doença aterogênica carotídea (DCA). RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO: A DCA foi mais prevalente no gênero feminino (33% vs. 15%) entre as idades de 56-65 anos, risco relativo (RR) 1,56 nas mulheres (p < 0,002; Fisher, Katz). Em relação ao colesterol da lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL-C) e à classificação da estenose de carótidas, North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET), observamos que 76% dos indivíduos apresentavam HDL-C na faixa protetora, sendo 31 grau I (normal); 81% possuíam lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL) sérica > 40 mg/dl em comparação com 19% que tinham concentração de HDL-C ≥ 40 mg/dl. A prevalência de HDL-C > 40 mg/dl nos graus II, III e IV foi significativa. Não houve diferença de HDL-C entre os grupos (p = 0,4910, teste t não pareado). Não foi observada diferença entre as atividades de paraoxonase (PON1) quando estratificada para HDL-C > e < que 40 mg/dl (p > 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: O gênero feminino teve maior prevalência de DCA entre 56-65 anos, RR 1,56 vezes maior. Esse achado revela a importância de atenção nesse gênero e nessa faixa etária, uma vez que a ausência de proteção hormonal agrava o risco de DCA, podendo influenciar na atividade antioxidante da HDL por atuar diretamente na PON1. A razão triglirecídeos (TG)/HDL-C aponta para risco cardiovascular e deficiências no transporte reverso do colesterol.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Atherosclerosis/complications , Carotid Artery Diseases/diagnosis , Echocardiography, Doppler , Lipoproteins/analysis , Risk
13.
Assiut Medical Journal. 2013; 37 (1): 61-74
in English, Arabic | IMEMR | ID: emr-150534

ABSTRACT

Diabetes is important as a cause of cardiovascular disease [CVD], ranging from asymptomatic ischemia to clinically evident heart failure. Therefore, early identification of sub-clinical CVD in diabetic patients may be particularly important in leading to early initiation of treatment. The aim of the present study was to identify role of BNP [Brain natriuretic Peptide]. Ankle Brachial Index [ABI] and carotid Doppler in detection of sub-clinical CVD in type 2 diabetic patients. BNP was measured in 60 consecutive diabetic patients [patients group] whom were attended internal medicine outpatient clinics or admitted at endocrinology unit of Assiut university hospital. Another 40 patients; were chosen as [control group] their age and sex matched with patients. Echocardiography examinations were performed to all participants. ABI measurements were eonducted on all study participants. Carotid intima Media Thickness [CIMT] and carotid Plaque were evaluated by Carotid Doppler Ultrasonography, along with the determination of anthropometric parameters, HbAlc, lipid profile, assessment of diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus [T2DM]. Our study revealed 11 patients had Left ventricular hypertrophy [LVH], 20 patients had Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction [LVDD], and no systolic dysfunction were detected. BNP were independent determinants of mild to moderate LVDD. Prevalence of a low ABI [<0.9] was 18.3%. Patients with low ABI had significant increased mean ages [P=0.038] duration of DM [P=0.004], concentration of HbAlc [P=0.044], BNP [P=0.013] and microalbuminurea [P-0.007].Patients with low ABI significantly associated with nephropathy [P=0.001], retinopathy [P=0:007], LVH [P=0.010] LVDD [P=0.018] and carotid artery atherosclerosis [P=0.018]. 20 patients [33.3%] were found to have evidence of carotid artery disease of them 5 patients [8.3%] had increased CIMT and 15 patients [25%] had carotid artery plaques, patients with carotid plaque were significantly smoker [P=0.008], male gender [P=0.013], had low HDL [P-0.008] and higher concentration of HbAlc [P=0.001]. Also patients with carotid artery atherosclerosis were significantly associated with nephropathy [P=0.000], neuropathy [P=0.050], Peripheral Arterial Disease [PAD] [P=0.018], LVDD [0.002].Conclusion: Our study showed that BNP discriminated patients at high risk for mild to moderate LVDD. A low ABI were prevalent in our study and associated with age, duration of diabetes, high HbAlc, microalbuminurea and chronic complication of DM, also carotid atherosclerosis high prevalent in our study especially carotid plaques which significantly associated with male gender, smoking, high HbAlc, low HDL, LVDD, PAD, and diabetic microangiopathy


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Cardiovascular Diseases/diagnosis , Natriuretic Peptide, Brain/blood , /methods , Carotid Artery Diseases/diagnosis
14.
Salud(i)ciencia (Impresa) ; 19(5): 418-423, nov. 2012. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-716110

ABSTRACT

A composição da placa aterosclerótica, em contrapartida ao grau de estenose arterial, parece ser o determinante crítico da vulnerabilidade e trombogenicidade da placa. O fluordesoxiglucose (FDG-18F), pode ser usado para obter imagensda atividade celular inflamatória de forma não invasiva através da tecnología PET. O objetivo principal do presente estudo foi averiguar a viabilidade da tecnologia FDG-18F PET na avaliação do processo inflamatório instalado nas placas ateroscleróticas, e, dessa forma, promover a distinção de placas ateroscleróticas através da relação entre acúmulo do radiofármaco e as características funcionais da lesão aterosclerótica. Estudo epidemiológico prospectivo, duplo cego randomizado, transversal foi realizado em cinco pacientes, seis controles e, os mesmos, foram submetidos ao exame diagnóstico FDG-18F PET/CT. Os valores de suv em artérias carótidas e veias jugulares do próprio paciente e o comparativo com o grupo controle foram correlacionados através de uma avaliação qualitativa do coeficiente de correlação de pearson. Através de um estudo descritivo comparativo inter-grupos na carótida direita observa-se que 64.9% da média dos valores de SUV corresponde aos pacientes em estudo. Na análise efetuada intra-grupo da carótida direita com a jugular direita dos pacientes em estudo, observou-se um valor médio de SUV 26.2% superior na artéria carótida. No grupo controle, a diferença entre os níveis médios de captação do FDG-18F foi inferior a 10%. Através da endarterectomia, foi possível realizar um estudo anátomo patológico e, dessa forma, identificar a presença de conteúdo inflamatórionas carótidas avaliadas, caracterizando assim placas instáveis. A tecnologia FDG-18F PET mostrou-se exequível favorecendo uma boa correlação histopatológica entre o processo inflamatório instalado nas placas ateroscleróticas e os níveis mensurados de SUV.


An ethological approach to the study of behavioral disorders provides key information on functionalaspects of behavior that characterize certain pathologies. The purpose of this study was to describe non-verbal behavioral units presented by a group of 14 women with social phobia (SP) and a control groupof 13 women during a clinical interview and to evaluate the possible differences between these twogroups. The 19 behavior units were selected with the index of concordance between the observers tauKendall = 0.795 (p = 0.000). People with SP supported the way they spoke with their hands and placedtheir hands on their legs, in comparison with the control group. People with SP nodded more often,touched their faces, pressed their lips, licked their lips and touched their hair more frequently than thecontrol group. The article suggests that a systematic evaluation of non-verbal behavior may be impor-tant in conducting a full evaluation of patients with SF in a clinical environment, and may contribute toevaluating the efficiency of the treatment.


Subject(s)
Carotid Artery Diseases/diagnosis , Carotid Artery Diseases/therapy , /administration & dosage , /therapeutic use , Positron-Emission Tomography/instrumentation , Positron-Emission Tomography
16.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; 71(6): 561-565, dic. 2011. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-633921

ABSTRACT

La enfermedad aterosclerótica asintomática de la arteria carótida interna extracraneal alcanza una prevalencia de hasta el 12.5%. La angioplastia carotídea todavía no ha demostrado ser lo suficientemente segura y eficaz para prevenir el ACV isquémico en estos pacientes. Estudios aleatorizados demostraron que la endarterectomía carotídea es superior al tratamiento médico en cuanto a reducción del riesgo de ACV isquémico si es realizada por equipos con tasas de complicaciones (ACV o muerte) menores que 3%. Sin embargo, los pacientes evaluados en estos estudios comenzaron a reclutarse hace más de 25 años, cuando la utilización de antiagregantes plaquetarios era menor que la actual, el tratamiento de la hipertensión arterial era menos efectivo y todavía no se usaban estatinas como componentes fundamentales de los esquemas de prevención vascular. La optimización de la calidad del tratamiento médico en las últimas décadas ha llevado a una significativa reducción del riesgo de ACV en pacientes no intervenidos quirúrgicamente. En base a estas observaciones y con la excepción de casos específicos, el tratamiento médico es la opción terapéutica de elección en pacientes con enfermedad aterosclerótica carotídea extracraneal asintomática.


The reported prevalence of asymptomatic atherosclerotic disease of the extracranial internal carotid artery is up to 12.5%. Carotid angioplasty has not yet proven safe and effective enough to prevent ischemic stroke in these patients. Randomized studies showed that carotid endarterectomy is superior to medical therapy in reducing the risk of ischemic stroke when performed by surgical teams with complication rates (stroke or death) of less than 3%. However, recruitment of these patients began more than 25 years ago, when the use of antiplatelet agents was lower than today, the treatment of hypertension was less effective than currently, and statins were not considered as key components of vascular prevention strategies. Optimizing the quality of medical treatment in recent decades has led to a significant reduction in stroke risk in patients not undergoing surgery. Based on these observations and with the exception of specific cases, medical therapy is the treatment of choice for patients with asymptomatic atherosclerotic disease of the extracranial carotid arteries.


Subject(s)
Humans , Atherosclerosis/diagnosis , Atherosclerosis/therapy , Carotid Artery Diseases/diagnosis , Carotid Artery Diseases/therapy , Asymptomatic Diseases , Carotid Artery, Internal/surgery , Carotid Stenosis/complications , Endarterectomy, Carotid , Risk Factors
17.
J. vasc. bras ; 10(3): 229-238, jul.-set. 2011. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-604467

ABSTRACT

A associação entre doença periodontal e o desenvolvimento de aterosclerose tem sido pesquisada. Esta revisão sistemática da literatura se propõe a verificar a associação entre a doença periodontal e a aterosclerose subclínica. A pesquisa utilizou as bases de dados: PubMed, Scopus, LILACS, BBO, Biblioteca Cochrane e Scielo com os termos: "doença periodontal", "periodontite", "carótida" e "aterosclerose". Foram excluídos artigos: que apresentaram resumos escritos em idiomas diferentes do português, inglês e espanhol; com abordagem laboratorial em modelos experimentais; sem descrição ou referência a estimadores de associação entre doença periodontal e aterosclerose subclínica; pesquisas que realizaram a medida da doença periodontal por parâmetros diferentes de exames clínicos; pesquisas que não analisaram a espessura da íntima média da artéria carótida através de exame de ultrassom; e que abordassem grupos específicos. Foram comparados os desenhos de estudo, protocolos de medida e os dados relatados. De um total de 63 referências, apenas 10 artigos contemplavam todos os critérios de inclusão, distribuídos em: 1 estudo longitudinal, 6 transversais e 3 casos controles. Observou-se uma heterogeneidade entre os estudos em relação ao método de mensuração da doença periodontal e os desfechos da aterosclerose. Concluiu-se que infecções periodontais são fortemente associadas ao desenvolvimento da aterosclerose subclínica, entretanto os mecanismos envolvidos no processo patogênico ainda permanecem desconhecidos.


The association between periodontal disease and the development of atherosclerosis has been studied. The systematic review of literature aims to evaluate the association between periodontal disease and subclinical atherosclerosis. A literature search of the PubMed, Scopus, LILACS, BBO, Cochrane Library and Scielo bibliographic databases was conducted using the following descriptors: "periodontal disease", "periodontitis", "carotid", and "therosclerosis". Articles were excluded if they: presented abstracts written in languages other than Portuguese, English and Spanish; experimental studies; did not contain data testing the degree of association between periodontal disease and subclinical atherosclerosis; did measure the extent of periodontal disease by parameters other than the clinical examination; did not measure the carotid artery intima-media wall thickness by ultrasonography; and covered specific population groups. The studies design, measurement protocols and reported data were compared. A total of 63 papers identified only 10 studies that met the inclusion criteria: 1 longitudinal study, 6 cross-sectional, and 3 case control studies. There was a wide heterogeneity between the studies regarding the methods of measuring periodontal disease and atherosclerosis outcomes. The conclusion is that periodontal infections are strongly associated with the development of subclinical atherosclerosis, however the mechanisms involved on the pathogenic process remain unknown.


Subject(s)
Humans , Atherosclerosis/diagnosis , Carotid Artery Diseases/diagnosis , Periodontics/classification , Databases, Bibliographic/classification
18.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, BBO | ID: lil-663273

ABSTRACT

Introdução: A aterosclerose é uma doença inflamatória crônica que pode ser causa de morte e incapacitação física/mental, representando um sério problema de saúde pública devido aos altos custos desprendidos com a reabilitação dos pacientes. Dentre os diferentes métodos para diagnosticar doenças ateroscleróticas, a angiografia é considerada o "padrão-ouro". No entanto, outros métodos de diagnóstico de imagem têm sido citados na literatura. Desde 1981, a presença de determinadas imagens radiopacas em radiografias panorâmicas tem sido descrita como sinal da presença de placas de ateroma carotídeas calcificadas. Apesar do benefício social que a radiografia panorâmica traria como novo método de diagnóstico para esse tipo de doença aterosclerótica, diminuindo assim o risco de acidente vascular cerebral, ainda existem controvérsias na literatura sobre seu uso como método confiável para esse fim. Objetivo: Nessa revisão vamos expor algumas das obras mais relevantes publicadas sobre esse assunto desde o primeiro estudo, em 1981, analisando a possibilidade do uso da radiografia panorâmica como exame de triagem para pacientes suscetíveis a acidente vascular cerebral. Métodos: No período de setembro de 2010 a março de 2011 foram utilizados os bancos de dados eletrônico do Medline e Lilacs para a seleção dos estudos. Foram incluídos aqueles que relacionavam o exame radiográfico panorâmico e a doença aterosclerótica. Conclusão: Existem divergências na literatura estudada, no que se refere à confiabilidade da radiografia panorâmica como método de diagnóstico de pacientes com risco de Acidente Vascular Cerebral. Novos estudos devem ser realizados a fim de determinar a sensibilidade e especificidade, bem como os valores preditivos, positivo e negativo, desse exame na identificação de placa de ateroma carotídea calcificada. Além disso, a generalização do conhecimento sobre o referido tema, bem como a capacitação de cirurgiões dentistas gerais na identificação do problema deve ser instituída.


Introduction: Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that can cause death and physical/mental disability, representing a serious public health problem due to cost related to the rehabilitation of the patients. Among the different methods to diagnose atherosclerotic disease, angiography is considered the "gold standard". However, other methods of diagnostic imaging have been cited in the literature. Since 1981, the presence of certain radiopaque images in panoramic radiographs has been described as a sign of the presence of calcified carotid atheromatous plaques. Despite the social benefit that panoramic radiography would provide as a new diagnostic method for this type of atherosclerotic disease, thereby reducing the risk of stroke, there is still controversy in literature about its use as a reliable method for this purpose. Objective: This review will expose some of the most relevant works published on this subject since the first study in 1981 examining the possibility of the use of panoramic radiography as a screening test for patients susceptible to stroke. Methods: From September 2010 to March 2011 was used the electronic databases Medline and Lilacs for the selection of studies. Was included those that related the panoramic radiographs and atherosclerotic disease. Conclusion: There are differences in the literature studied in relation to the reliability of panoramic radiography as a method to diagnose patients at risk for stroke. Further studies should be conducted to determine the sensitivity and specificity as well as predictive values, positive and negative, in this radiography for the identification of calcified carotid atheroma. Moreover, the generalization of knowledge on that topic as well as training of general dentists in identifying the problem should be instituted.


Subject(s)
Radiography, Panoramic/instrumentation , Carotid Artery Diseases/diagnosis , Stroke/diagnosis , Brazil , Public Health
19.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-139156

ABSTRACT

A 33-year-old man treated elsewhere for an isolated VI cranial nerve paresis underwent an attempted transnasal biopsy of a large space-occupying lesion in the cavernous sinus and petrous apex seen on a CT scan. During the procedure, he developed severe bleeding and hypovolaemic shock. When he came to us 2 years later, he had Horner syndrome along with a mild VI nerve paresis that aided in localizing the lesion to the carotid canal and the posterior cavernous sinus. Digital subtraction angiography revealed a large internal carotid artery aneurysm of the laceral and petrous segments within the carotid canal, mushrooming into the posterior cavernous sinus.


Subject(s)
Abducens Nerve , Adult , Angiography, Digital Subtraction , Carotid Artery Diseases/diagnosis , Cranial Nerve Diseases/diagnosis , Diagnosis, Differential , Horner Syndrome/diagnosis , Humans , Intracranial Aneurysm/diagnosis , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Male , Tomography, X-Ray Computed
20.
Rev. urug. cardiol ; 25(2): 105-138, sept. 2010.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-587997

ABSTRACT

Los sistemas de prevención cardiovascular basados en la determinación de factores de riesgo presentan limitaciones para cuantificar el riesgo de un sujeto. Los factores de riesgo son predictores de aterosclerosis en la población, pero fallan en identificar qué sujetos desarrollarán la enfermedad y/o tendrán eventos cardiovasculares; los que frecuentemente se presentan en sujetos de riesgo bajo o intermedio. En este contexto, guías/consensos sugieren realizar estudios no invasivos en sujetos asintomáticos para estratificar el riesgo individual, detectar y tratar la aterosclerosis en etapa subclínica. Para ello se han propuesto diferentes abordajes que permiten caracterizar la estructura y/o función arterial por métodos no invasivos, brindando información complementaria, que adiciona a la obtenida con la determinación de los factores de riesgo. En Uruguay, recientemente se creó un centro universitario interdisciplinario (CUiiDARTE, Centro Universitario de Investigación, Innovación y Diagnóstico Arterial), que tiene entre sus objetivos implementar técnicas no invasivas para la evaluación integral de la estructura y función arterial, posibilitando dar respuesta a la necesidad de estratificación individualizada del riesgo cardiovascular y detección de aterosclerosis subclínica. En este trabajo se presenta el abordaje de evaluación vascular empleado en CUiiDARTE y basados en nuestra experiencia, se discuten aspectos teóricos y prácticos de los test no invasivos utilizados y parámetros estudiados.


Traditional risk factors-guided cardiovascular prevention/treatment has clear limitations in individual subjects management. Often, individuals with similar risk factor profiles have differences in the atherosclerosis development and are at different cardiovascular risk. Therefore, while risk factors are good predictors of atherosclerosis in a population, they cannot identify who will develop the disease and/or will have a cardiovascular event. In this context, there have been published guidelines calling for non-invasive atherosclerosis screening and risk stratification in asymptomatic subjects. Several approaches have been proposed for the vascular evaluation, and although the screening tests used vary among laboratories, in general terms their are underused. In Uruguay, it was recently created an interdisciplinary university center (CUiiDARTE, Centro Universitario de Investigación, Innovación y Diagnóstico Arterial), which has as a main aim the implementation of non-invasive techniques to evaluate the arterial structural and functional properties, that could allow stratifying the individual cardiovascular risk and identifying sub-clinical atherosclerosis. In this work we present the integral vascular approach used in CUiiDARTE and based in our experience we discuss, theoretical and practical issues related with the tests performed and parameters calculated.


Subject(s)
Humans , Carotid Arteries/ultrastructure , Carotid Arteries , Atherosclerosis/diagnosis , Atherosclerosis , Carotid Artery Diseases/diagnosis , Carotid Artery Diseases/prevention & control , Ankle Brachial Index , Aorta/physiology , Peripheral Vascular Diseases/diagnosis , Peripheral Vascular Diseases/prevention & control , Risk Factors , Blood Pressure , Tunica Intima/ultrastructure , Ultrasonography, Doppler, Pulsed
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